Guidelines for Application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guidelines for Application - Assignment Example The paper is free of any grammatical or punctuation errors. The student presents a cohesive flow of information within the paper. There is some use of evidence and illustrations throughout the paper. The introduction of the paper clearly explains the topic and states the purpose of the paper. The student gives a brief and complete summary of most of the information contained in the paper. The student also correctly uses APA referencing guidelines throughout the paper. The paper has very few grammatical and punctuation errors. The flow if information is acceptable. There is use of some of evidence and illustrations in the paper. There is an introduction that explains the topic and tries to state the purpose of the paper. The paper’s summary highlights some of the main points of the paper. The student uses APA referencing format and his or her paper has few grammatical and punctuation errors. The flow of information is illogical. There is limited use of evidence and illustrations in the paper. The introduction does not explain the topic and the purpose of the paper logically. The paper’s summary does not talk about some the main points of the paper. The student does not use the correct APA referencing format and his or her paper has very many grammatical and punctuation errors. The body of the paper does not highlight any of the major elements of blood flow through the heart. Subheadings are not used and the summary is either missing or does not state the major points of the paper. The body of the paper highlights some of the important elements of blood flow through the heart. Different subheadings are used for various stages that describe the blood flow process. The summary at the end of the paper is brief and concise and consists some of the major points discussed in the body of the paper. The body of the paper highlights most of the important elements of blood flow through the heart.

Parole and Truth in Sentencing Essay Example for Free

Parole and Truth in Sentencing Essay To understand parole one needs to know what parole is and what it means. Parole is the status and early release of a convicted offender who has been conditionally releases from prison by a paroling authority before his or her sentence is expired. Parole and Probation have similar conditions. While an offender is on parole they have certain rules they need to follow. There is another form of parole which is Federal parole. Federal parole was determined by the Parole Board under the United Stated Parole Commission. Federal parole was changed after the Sentencing Reform Act. The Sentencing Reform Act was a part of the U. S. Federal statute that was intended to increase the consistency in the United States federal sentencing; this abolished federal parole all together. Parole was introduced by Brockway Zebulon in 1876 as a way to reduce jail overcrowding and as a way to rehabilitate offenders by encouraging them to win back their freedom with good behaviors. The role of parole was to reduce prison terms based on good behavior. Another role of probation was to supervise the convicted after being granted parole and grant freedom to those who had uncertain sentences. The reduction of jail terms after good and responsible behavior use to reduce indeterminate sentences. â€Å"There are 25 percent of inmates who are freed from prison are still paroled by the paroling authority, such as a parole board† (Schmalleger, F). Some conditions that affect parole would be the specific terms needed to be followed by the parolees. A parolee must check in with his parole officer within 24 hours after his release, they may be required to live in a certain area or with a certain person, and they may be required to stay away from certain people. If any of these stipulations are broken the parolee will go back to prison to serve out the remainder of their time of incarceration. This is also known as revocation of probation. Revocation of probation is an administrative action of a paroling authority removing a person from parole status. Once an offender is back in prison he has to serve out the remainder of his time and also anytime he may get from any other crimes he may have committed. Some typical conditions that affect whether a person gets parole are the nature of their crime, prior criminal record, and most importantly the amount of time already served. The goals of truth in sentencing are to improve the delivery of proportionate punishment and promote stability and predictability in offenders. â€Å"The abandonment of the rehabilitation goal, combined with a return to determine sentencing in many jurisdictions including the federal judicial system has reduces the amount of time an average corrections client spends on supervised parole†(Schmalleger,F pg. 424). In 1981 there was a revision that ensured that the credits to good behavior would exceed the length of the jail term: The more number of years one was to serve in prison the more the number of months they were likely to get. The credits were as follows five days per month on sentences between six months and one year, six days per month on sentences between 1 years and three years, and eight days per month on jail term between 5 years and 10 years. Convicts that were sentenced to life in jail were to be released on the basis of parole once they served 15 years in prison. There were other amendments that were done in the year 1930 and years after which have overseen the current parole regime that we have today. The probation and parole system is very intricate and is changed greatly overtime. Parole and probation are used all over the country and varies from state to state: even the truth in sentencing laws differ state to state. There are more parolees on parole than there has ever been all across the country and that number will only rise. As overcrowding continues to go on in prison, offenders will be released I feel like before they should be. Prison is meant to rehabilitate and to make the criminal think twice before committing a crime or giving him the skills he need to conduct a legal life style. Probation and Parole are 2 things that are an important part of the criminal justice systems.

Multi-Disciplinary Working Essay -- Management Work

This essay will aim to relate to an observation of professional social work practice in a Crisis Centre, for people with mental health issues who require support, and short-term accommodation, with the goal of returning home or to a new environment. This essay will focus upon the role of multi disciplinary collaboration regarding the Crisis Centre staff, and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHTT), and to discuss why collaboration appears to play an important and fundamental role within social work practice. The essay will also aim to demonstrate good practice and possible strengths and weaknesses of multidisciplinary working. Within the field of social work practice it does seem evident that ‘multidisciplinary working is work undertaken jointly by workers and professionals from different disciplines or occupations’ (Pearson & Thomas, 2010:342) and has evolved at varying speeds over the past 30 years, in response to imperatives of central government. Evidence suggests that the area mental health was among the first professions to adopt teams of workers from different professions, and the Community Mental Health Team is widely regarded as the model for multidisciplinary working (Community Care, 2010). It seems that , in relation to social work, the distinctive quality that has to be demonstrated is anti discriminatory practice and a holistic approach, by working with a range of situations and people having an attribute for developing multidisciplinary and partnerships (Higham,2006:). The Crisis Centre that has been observed is run by a Local Council, and is a National Health Service Trust based in a local community. The centre also corresponds with the 1975 White Paper entitled ‘Better Services for Mentally Ill’... ...mparison to the Ward: A Service Evaluation of Amethyst House and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team: Liverpool City Council and Mersey Care NHS Trust: Liverpool. Thompson, N. (2005) Understanding Social Work, 2nd Ed. Hampshire: Palgrave. Thompson, N. & Thompson, S. (2008) The Social Work Companion. Hampshire: Palgrave. Thompson, N. (2009) Practicing Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. SCIE Guide 23: The learning, teaching and assessment of partnership work in social work education www.scie.org.uk/ [accessed 6th November 2010]. Wilson, K. Ruch, G. Lymbery, M. & Cooper, A (2008) Social Work an Introduction to Contemporary Practice; Essex: Pearson. Whittington, C. (2003) ‘Collaboration and Partnership in Context’. In Weinstein, J., Whittington, C. and Leiba, T. (eds.) Collaboration in Social Work Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Ch.1.

Big Foot

The Mystery of Bigfoot Bigfoot is unquestionably North America’s biggest crypto zoological mystery. The idea of Bigfoot has been around for hundreds of years, its history and possible sightings have been documented for years on end. Throughout history, man has battled the topic of Bigfoot and if this creature really does exists. Researchers have found arguable evidence, and numerous sightings have been reported throughout North America. Then again, roughly 70% of sightings reported are a misidentification.Bigfoot supposedly inhabits forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a combination of  folklore, misidentification, and  hoax, rather than a living animal. So the question remains, is the existence of this creature fact or fiction? So where does the name â€Å"Bigfoot† come anyway? It is said that this Indian-sounding word was coined in the 1920’s by J. W. Burns, a tea cher who for fours years collected stories about wild, hairy giants from his Chehalis Indian friends.Burns combined several similar Native Canadians’ names for these creatures and created the word â€Å"Sasquatch†. In recent years, scientists and folklorists looking to bring respectability to the subject but most North Americans still use the name â€Å"Bigfoot†. The first use of the now widely used label did not occur until a construction worker named Jerry Crew appeared at a northern California newspaper office with a cast of the alleged Bigfoot’s foot found in the mud in Bluff Creek Valley.Hundreds of people have reported seeing the Bigfoot or it’s footprints but none have physical evidence to back up their stories. They describe the creature as standing from seven to ten feet tall and weighing more than six hundred pounds. The distinctive footprint shows a track as left by a giant five toed human foot. The average length is fourteen to sixteen inches long. The most controversial evidence of Bigfoot's existence is the infamous Patterson video. It was filmed in 1967 near Bluff Creek California. By Roger Patterson, an amateur Bigfoot hunter and rodeo cowboy.In the video, which was filmed in a dry creek bed, Bigfoot appears to be walking along the creek bed, and at one point even stared at the camera. The footage has been analyzed many times by scientists, some of which say the footage is realistic while others do not. Many times when people see something like Bigfoot they think that they will be ridiculed by their friends and neighbors, so they keep there encounter secret for many years. Until others tell their stories. The top three questions that come into some ones mind when they hear about Bigfoot are â€Å"is he man, myth or creature? . Many do not believe of such a creature lurking the forests and are uneducated on the topic so they come to the quick conclusion that someone disguised himself in a costume for attention perhaps. The majority believes strongly that Bigfoot is evidently a myth or hoax for the simple logic that there is not enough evidence to prove Bigfoot’s existence. The most arguable evidence are footprints that can be easily replicated to furthermore puzzle scientists. Also, the lack of carcasses and excrements just don’t add up.Lastly, the big question of is it just a creature which means every sighting would have to be a misidentification. Scientists do believe and have partial evidence that Bigfoot could be a relative with an ancient ape named â€Å"Gigantopithecus†. Then again, some footprints have been reported with claw marks, which could be a grizzle bear. Many can speculate the existence of Bigfoot but until a body is scientifically examined, the riddle of Bigfoot will continue as one of cryptozoology’s biggest and most famous enigmas. Even if Bigfoot is just one big hoax, the myth will live on forever.

French and Indian War DBQ Essay

For many years, throughout the 1600s and early part of the 1700s, the British pursued a policy of salutary neglect toward its colonies. Britain enacted a series of Navigation Laws, but these attempts to regulate trade were minimally enforced. The colonists had a generally friendly attitude toward the British overall since they enjoyed the benefits of an imperial relationship without accompanying restrictions. However, this relationship was dramatically altered by the French and Indian War. The course of the war itself significantly affected the political and ideological relationship of the colonists to their mother country, in as much as the colonists found the British imposition of restrictions and its hierarchical army to be repulsive to liberty, while the British saw the need for greater imperial control. However, it was the economic aftermath of the war, which left British with a staggering war debt and a need to raise new colonial revenues that militated most heavily against col onial cooperation with the British. The French and Indian War, called the Seven Years’ War in Europe, had its antecedents in the settlement of the French and the British in the Ohio Valley, region of the American continent. Both the French and British sought to control lands in the region, while Native Americans resisted the attempts of both to settle. The Indians largely played off of both sides to maintain an uneasy balance of power, but one group eventually decided to grant trading concessions to the British, giving England greater access to the interior of the continent. France saw this as a threat to its own territories and summarily constructed forts of defense, like Fort Duquesne. The British followed suit, building forts of their own. One such effort was to build Fort Necessity near Fort Duquesne, which George Washington led. At the fort, however, Washington became embroiled in a conflict with the French forces there he was captured and forced to surrender. Thus began the French and Indian War. The colonists had a largely friendly and amicable attitude toward the British at the outset. For example, General Washington praised the British General Braddock in a 1755 letter a man of â€Å"abilities and experience† (Doc. C). The long British policy of salutary neglect allowed the colonists to enjoy the benefits of trade with and protection from the British without the discomfort to frBigid control. However, this changed as the war progressed. In the second stage of the French and Indian War, beginning in 1756, Britain sought to impose greater control on the colonial war effort. British Prime Minister William Pitt tried to control the contact of the fighting himself,† â€Å"impressing† (forcibly enlisting) colonists to fight and imposing other restrictions on colonial freedom. A colonial soldier, for example, wrote in 1759 of how he was unlikely to get liquor or clothing and of how he was subject to martial law.† He protested that he, too, was a man of E nglish blood, but that he was not afforded the â€Å"Englishman’s liberty† (Doc. D). This political control by Britain led to riots and colonial resistance; pretty soon, the consequences of it overwhelmed any befits it may have offered, and William Pitt was forced to back down. However, for the rest of the war, the political legacy of repression remained in colonial minds and produced hostility to British control. Another ideological aspect of the interaction between Britain and its colonies furthered this hostility. The colonists themselves were organized into voluntary units of men fighting with relative equality. The British, meanwhile, were organized into hierarchical divisions in which rigid order was maintained. The Massachusetts soldier who protested political repression also noted this when he observed that the British troops â€Å"are but little better than slaves to their officers† (Doc. D). This ideological idea of a righteous American army together with a rigid British one further augmented the colonial resistance to British oppression. The colonists not only saw British political interference in their affairs as illegitimate; they also resented British hierarchy. The British, however, took from the war an entirely different perspective. The colonists may have seen themselves as great aid in the struggle; one sermon by Reverend Thomas Bernard in 1763 portrayed New England as the greated helper of Britain in the effort. However, the British saw the colonists as lazy and unhelpful. England was further outraged by the fact that some American merchants had actually sold supplies to the French West Indies during the war against France. The political and ideological lessons learned by the British, therefore, were that the colonists are too independent and must be made to act properly. The conlusion, then, was that greater imperial control was necessary. While political and ideological differences may have contributed to the change from a friendly relationship to a hostile one, economics was a major factor as well. The 1763 Treaty of Paris gave Britain all of France’s territory east of the Mississippi, except Canada (Doc. A). This doubled the size of the British Empire and augmented the necessity of stationing British troops on the border to protect against Indian raids. This was at the same time that Britain faced a staggering war debt from the seven years of fighting. Yet, the colonists largely refused to contribute to a war fought for their own defense. A 1763 British Order in Council found that the revenue from the colonies couldn’t even pay a fourth of the cost of collecting it. It also reported that â€Å"neglect, connivance, and fraud† had hampered revenue collection in a time of greatest need (Doc. F). The British, thence, saw it as justified to seek new sources of revenue from the colonies. The principle vehicle for doing so was the 1765 Stamp Act, part of Prime Minister Greenville’s program to exert greater control over the colonies. The Act required that all paper products – from wills and deeds to playing cards – have a stamp on them. This was the first direct tax (a tax paid outright, rather than an indirect one incorporated into the full price of a good) imposed by Britain. All previous taxes could be construed by the colonists as ones imposed by Britain to regulate commerce. However, this act could not be interpreted that way; it could only be seen as an unequivocal attempt by Britain to raise revenue. This provoked outrage from colonists all over. Lawyers and influential members of society were affected; newspaper publishers, one of the most influential groups on public opinion, were outraged by the tax. The Pennsylvania Journal even announced that it would â€Å"expire† because of the â€Å"dreadful† tax (Doc H). A Stamp Act Congress was formed to resist the revenue increase, while the Sons of Liberty terrorized collection agents. Such colonial protests continued as Britain further attempted to impose control, until these events eventually produced the American Revolution. The French and Indian War transformed relations between the colonies and Britain from one of friendly respect to one of hostile distrust. During the course of the war, political repression by Britain and ideological opposition to Britain’s hierarchical army produced the seed of American protest; at the same time, Britain saw the necessity of imposing greater control on its recalcitrant colonies. The economic results of the war, however, were even more disastrous. The costs of the fighting and protection of a newly enlarged territory forced Britain to impose new revenue like the 1765 Stamp Act so the colonists would pay their own share. However, the colonists bitterly resented this unequivocal British attempt to raise revenue without the consent of their colonial assemblies. In this way, the French and Indian War soured the rapport between Britain and its colonies that eventually produced the American Revolution.

Free Essays on Gang Behavior

On of the most commonly seen sociological problems in our communities today are gangs. What exactly does the word gang mean, well one way of defining the word gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity in current usage and engage in illegal activities. (1) These gangs have affected the way we live in one way or another. They have taken over our neighborhoods and school and instilled fear in people. The behavior of gangs and what makes kids as well as adult’s turn to them have interested many professionals in the Sociological field. Below we will take a look at some of the behavioral factors as to why, what, and who would fall into becoming a member of a gang. Many of us may wonder, who would choose to be in a gang rather then living a normal life without the stresses of gang life. Well according to the Tennessee Sheriff’s Department any person with the following behavioral issues would have the tendency of falling into gang life. A person that has low self-esteem and feels unloved at home. They tend to have problems in school and don’t do to well with schoolwork. They have a hard time difficult time making decisions on their own and communicating with others. They also tend to come from single parent homes. Although most are boys and 10% are girls the number continues to increase. (3) This profile of the type of individual that would most likely join a gang tends to hold true in other states as well with certain exceptions. Another question that has come up according to gangs is why. Why would some individuals choose to join a gang? Although people that join gangs come from all types of backgrounds, some are from rich homes, but our most serious gangs tend to have members that come from impoverished sections of major cities. (2) Some of the many reasons that individuals choose to join gangs are to gain some self-esteem and status. Could happen to be that kid that got picked on in school and didn’t... Free Essays on Gang Behavior Free Essays on Gang Behavior On of the most commonly seen sociological problems in our communities today are gangs. What exactly does the word gang mean, well one way of defining the word gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity in current usage and engage in illegal activities. (1) These gangs have affected the way we live in one way or another. They have taken over our neighborhoods and school and instilled fear in people. The behavior of gangs and what makes kids as well as adult’s turn to them have interested many professionals in the Sociological field. Below we will take a look at some of the behavioral factors as to why, what, and who would fall into becoming a member of a gang. Many of us may wonder, who would choose to be in a gang rather then living a normal life without the stresses of gang life. Well according to the Tennessee Sheriff’s Department any person with the following behavioral issues would have the tendency of falling into gang life. A person that has low self-esteem and feels unloved at home. They tend to have problems in school and don’t do to well with schoolwork. They have a hard time difficult time making decisions on their own and communicating with others. They also tend to come from single parent homes. Although most are boys and 10% are girls the number continues to increase. (3) This profile of the type of individual that would most likely join a gang tends to hold true in other states as well with certain exceptions. Another question that has come up according to gangs is why. Why would some individuals choose to join a gang? Although people that join gangs come from all types of backgrounds, some are from rich homes, but our most serious gangs tend to have members that come from impoverished sections of major cities. (2) Some of the many reasons that individuals choose to join gangs are to gain some self-esteem and status. Could happen to be that kid that got picked on in school and didn’t...

Definiton of marketing

Definiton of marketing A month has passed since I got in to this school. A lot has happened and I've also learned a lot. And many of my opinions considering marketing or should I say the whole business life which I took for granted before have changed also. Now when we have just seen the tip of the iceberg things are going to get interesting as we take a deep breath and dive in to the world of business, trying to understand it or even control it.[Fish market, Bergen, Norway] (LOC)Marketing - Where lies its value? An interesting question especially when asked from a "newcomer" since there is a lot of different opinions out there and everybody claims that their opinion is right. Now we have to create a strong basis that we could determine our self what is right and what is wrong and form our own opinions. On the following I'm trying to explain the basic idea of marketing. Marketing consists of advertising and promoting your product or service in order to sell it. Your business produces goods and services. Ma rketing is what lets potential customers know that they are available for sale. Sales, advertising, and public relations are each essential components of marketing and each require specialized skills and expertise.A focus on what the customer wants and needs is essential to successful marketing efforts. This customer-orientation should go hand-in-hand with the company's objective of maintaining a profitable volume of sales. Marketing is a creative process combining all of the activities needed to accomplish both of these objectives.The American Marketing Association's definition of marketing is:"The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives."You see in the above definition that the process...

4 Types of Reference Books You Didnt Know You Need

4 Types of Reference Books You Didnt Know You Need 4 Types of Reference Books You Didn’t Know You Need 4 Types of Reference Books You Didn’t Know You Need By Mark Nichol OK, it’s time to conduct an inventory of your reference library to ensure that you have a comprehensive collection at hand. Dictionary? Check. Thesaurus? Mm-hmm. Compendium of famous quotations? Right. Visual dictionary? (Silence.) You’re telling me you don’t have a visual dictionary? Before you get too self-conscious, I’ll let you off the hook: You don’t have to own your own visual dictionary. But you should know where to find this type of resource, and three others, at your local library, or you simply must do some online research and see what electronic simulacra you can discover. 1. Visual Dictionaries The four books listed here are all superior guides to the names of physical objects and their components. Does a scene in your novel require you to distinguish the parts of a plane? Do you need to know the difference in home construction between a rafter and a joist? What is the base of a horse’s neck called? A visual dictionary knows all: The Macmillan Visual Dictionary, Jean-Claude Corbeil Merriam-Webster’s Visual Dictionary, Merriam-Webster What’s What: A Visual Glossary of the Physical World, Reginald Bragonier Jr. Ultimate Visual Dictionary, DK Publishing 2. Guides to Symbolism These five volumes, and others, will enlighten you about the religious, mythological, and folkloric significance of symbols. Perhaps you want to strew visual metaphors throughout your novel. Or you want to avoid cliched occult symbols in your supernatural thriller, and want to find something unusual. Or you want to make sure your medieval mystery accurately describes a cross without anachronistic errors. Follow the signs to these sources about symbology: An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols, by J. C. Cooper Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them, Hans Biedermann 1,001 Symbols: An Illustrated Guide to Imagery and Its Meaning, Jack Tresidder The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols, Jean Chevalier Reverse Symbolism Dictionary: Symbols Listed by Subject, Steven Olderr 3. Guides to Hierarchies Do you know the order of succession among Cabinet officials in the United States in case the president, vice president, and Speaker of the House are all incapacitated? Is a battalion bigger, or smaller, than a regiment? What’s higher up the taxonomic scale a phylum, or a family? The Order of Things: How Everything in the World Is Organized into Hierarchies, Structures, and Pecking Orders, Barbara Ann Kipfer, will set you straight. 4. Reverse Dictionaries Flip Dictionary, Barbara Ann Kipfer, is the best of the class of reference books known as reverse dictionaries, for when you know how to describe something but can’t think of the word. One of the qualities that set it apart is the numerous charts and tables that group things by subject. The Describer’s Dictionary: A Treasury of Terms Literary Quotations, David Grambs, is a similar work that’ll help you transfer a word from the tip of your tongue to paper or the computer screen. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Honorary vs. Honourary

Instructors be required to apply a normal cure to grades, rather than Essay

Instructors be required to apply a normal cure to grades, rather than scaling the grades - Essay Example This is because the scores of students are not classified in continuous manner, but judgment on the cutoff points illustrates the attainment of different levels of performance. This means that students can progress to the next level since their grading is based on the relative performance of the whole class. However, this method has a limitation since students may have ignored the subject and attains a poor performance. Consequently, the grading will warrant such students to progress to the next level. Based on the above, the best method of grading students would be the use of the normal curve. This is because the curve provides a clear indication of how the class was attentive to course work. The curve also eliminates the extremities of grade awarding such that all the students grades are considered with an equal level of fairness. In addition, using the normal curve enables elimination of the issue of grade

Global Purchasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Purchasing - Essay Example Purchasing is central to any organization’s activity. They need to purchase raw materials, components and machinery in order to produce or manufacture products. It is stated by Williams (1975, 1985) that an organization’s primary purpose is to reduce negotiations around transactions and to reduce the scrutiny of the same later on. This means that good bargaining and settlement of beneficial terms and conditions ensure that problems do not surface later during delivery or the manufacturing process. It is clear that the profits that will be made on the sale of the product will be largely determined through the effective purchase itself. It is the responsibility of the purchasing department to make what is known as an effective purchase. A purchase is effective when the best price is obtained subject to best delivery schedule and in conformity to the quality parameters that have been explained and accepted by both the supplier and the purchaser. Apart from this, the terms and conditions must also be suitable and not detrimental to the purchaser. There are three types of purchase. One is purchase of Routine Products that are of low financial value not complex and their nature, quality, consistency and value can be determined easily. They are readily available and purchase departments do not spend too much time on their procurement as otherwise the procurement can become more costly than the product itself. Here the relationship with the supplier is nominal. The other type is purchase of Bottleneck Products that are products with a low financial risk and a high complexity. Professional purchasers spend time and money in their determination and in simplifying the relationship with the supplier in order to reduce their complexity. The supplier has the power in this relationship (Five Force Analysis: Porter M.E) and the purchaser is

Law of Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Law of Evidence - Case Study Example The facts in issues are those facts which are used to determine the guilt of the defendant. In the case of Pollitt v, R Brennan J held that† The first condition of admissibility of evidence is relevance. In that apart from questions relating to the credibility of a witness, a fact which evidence is tendered to prove must be a fact in issue or a fact that is relevant to a fact in issue. Where a fact to be proved is a fact in issue, admissibility of evidence tendered to prove it depends solely on the manner in which that evidence tends to establish the fact to be proved. Where a fact to be proved is a fact relevant to a fact in issue, admissibility depends first on the manner in which that evidence tends to establish the fact to be proved, and, secondly, on the relevance of the fact to be proved to a fact in issue .† In the case of PC Story providing the phone call as evidence was intended to prove that the defendant was guilty of the offense of controlling another person w ith the intention of getting financial gain. The mere fact that the evidence was correct without any authority or warrant made the evidence irrelevant and could not be used to establish the facts in issue in the case. The laptop, the stash of condoms and the $5,000 would be admissible in court as they obtained while the police officers obtained a warrant of to search the premises. However, even though such evidence is admissible in court, the court must still determine the weight in which the evidence should be given in relation the amount of significance.

Definig Terrorrism and Victims of Terrorism Assignment

Definig Terrorrism and Victims of Terrorism - Assignment Example For Amanda Todd, the writer describes how she was harassed and bullied online, a fact that forms a fundamental basis for the whole story by showing the source of Amanda’s woes. Carol Todd, the mother of the deceased girl, is also introduced by the narrator describing her motherly and caring nature towards her daughter. The writer of the story foreshadows a problem that largely affects the progress of the story in its orientation. The narrator states that, â€Å"The mother of a teenager who died Wednesday of suspected suicide wants her daughter’s anti-cyber-bullying video to be used to help other young people.† This signals that the teenager was cyber bullied to an extent that she made a video about it. This information is not expressly stated by the writer but it is rather implied thus this foreshadow captures the reader earlier on in the story. From the orientation, the narrator heads on to complicate the story by introducing a problem and uncertainty as to what might happen is created. The writer tells us why Amanda posted a video in which she documents her painful story of how an embarrassing photo of her was circulated and she was bullied about it and later beaten up. This forced her to change schools and make an attempt on her life by drinking bleach, which was another source for her misery. Her harassers continued to torment her on her suicide attempt which complicates the story. This part of the story creates a bit of tension as it is unclear as to what might happen to Amanda. The writer later on states that, â€Å"In a message accompanying the video post, Amanda added: â€Å"I’m not doing this (video) for attention. I’m doing this to be an inspiration and to show that I can be strong.†Ã¢â‚¬  This somehow shows that the problem is heading for a possible... This discourse aims to demonstrate and analyze the coherent and continuous story with regard to its purpose and meaning and its social practice defined by the environment’s social structures. This analysis brought about the issue of cyber bullying and the effects it had on a teenage girl who took her own life. This story is purposeful to the society as it affects all members of the society since everyone could be the victim, related to a victim, a perpetrator or even the savior of a victim. This story aims to analyze the options available to everyone in society regarding this issue. The article involves a lot of research on the issue at hand for it to be well read. The writer must conduct interviews with the specific people mentioned in the article so as to find out information regarding Amanda, cyber bullying and any other information relevant in this story. The writing of the article must be approved by the editor of the newspaper and the go ahead given for it to be published. The creative part of narrating the story incorporates a lot of detail and it might take time to put together the article. The story might be handwritten then typed for it to be published in the newspaper or straight away typed using a typewriter or computer. Therefore, for the story to reach its intended readers, a lot of effort goes into the creative process, research bit, and the eventual publishing side of things. This is a post-positivist exercise since it is against positivism. For positivists, the researcher and the researched person are independent of each other. On the other hand , post-positivists argue that theories, knowledge and background of the researcher can influence what is observed.

Premium Travel on the Way to Becoming a Better Serving Travel Agency Essay - 1

Premium Travel on the Way to Becoming a Better Serving Travel Agency - Essay Example Travel is an activity of leisure and Premium travel operates in this scenario. As such, provides similar services are also likely to face the problems associated with the current market. However, one of the advantages that some travel business enjoy today is the facility to book online. The cost of getting a website developed is quite simple today. As the company utilizes the services of part-time students, it is advised to hire another student proficient in web development as standard times required to develop such websites can take as little as a month to develop and deploy for customer use. Additionally, figures obtained for the years between 2002 and 2006 have shown that apart from the countries in the EU and the US, a large number of travelers preferred other destinations in Asia and Africa, with the largest among them preferring India, Egypt, and Turkey.  However, the good news is that even during times of recession, statistics from the Department of Statistics in the UK gove rnment show that the amount of spending on travel has remained relatively unhindered. This is partly because the willingness to travel among customers is not diminished to ground levels and customers instead prefer to go on shorter holidays. the added pressures that are part of the today’s corporate world do not provide young people with a lot of time to consider holidays. as such, offering shorter deals for durations between 1 to 2 weeks is also advised.  Additionally, the number of travelers going abroad on trips for the duration between 1 to 2 weeks is nearly half the trips of duration in the range of 3-4 weeks. As such, it presents a wonderful opportunity for Premium travel to consider the shorter segment as a wonderful opportunity to expand a business, which will help further in weathering the crisis.

Definig Terrorrism and Victims of Terrorism Assignment

Definig Terrorrism and Victims of Terrorism - Assignment Example For Amanda Todd, the writer describes how she was harassed and bullied online, a fact that forms a fundamental basis for the whole story by showing the source of Amanda’s woes. Carol Todd, the mother of the deceased girl, is also introduced by the narrator describing her motherly and caring nature towards her daughter. The writer of the story foreshadows a problem that largely affects the progress of the story in its orientation. The narrator states that, â€Å"The mother of a teenager who died Wednesday of suspected suicide wants her daughter’s anti-cyber-bullying video to be used to help other young people.† This signals that the teenager was cyber bullied to an extent that she made a video about it. This information is not expressly stated by the writer but it is rather implied thus this foreshadow captures the reader earlier on in the story. From the orientation, the narrator heads on to complicate the story by introducing a problem and uncertainty as to what might happen is created. The writer tells us why Amanda posted a video in which she documents her painful story of how an embarrassing photo of her was circulated and she was bullied about it and later beaten up. This forced her to change schools and make an attempt on her life by drinking bleach, which was another source for her misery. Her harassers continued to torment her on her suicide attempt which complicates the story. This part of the story creates a bit of tension as it is unclear as to what might happen to Amanda. The writer later on states that, â€Å"In a message accompanying the video post, Amanda added: â€Å"I’m not doing this (video) for attention. I’m doing this to be an inspiration and to show that I can be strong.†Ã¢â‚¬  This somehow shows that the problem is heading for a possible... This discourse aims to demonstrate and analyze the coherent and continuous story with regard to its purpose and meaning and its social practice defined by the environment’s social structures. This analysis brought about the issue of cyber bullying and the effects it had on a teenage girl who took her own life. This story is purposeful to the society as it affects all members of the society since everyone could be the victim, related to a victim, a perpetrator or even the savior of a victim. This story aims to analyze the options available to everyone in society regarding this issue. The article involves a lot of research on the issue at hand for it to be well read. The writer must conduct interviews with the specific people mentioned in the article so as to find out information regarding Amanda, cyber bullying and any other information relevant in this story. The writing of the article must be approved by the editor of the newspaper and the go ahead given for it to be published. The creative part of narrating the story incorporates a lot of detail and it might take time to put together the article. The story might be handwritten then typed for it to be published in the newspaper or straight away typed using a typewriter or computer. Therefore, for the story to reach its intended readers, a lot of effort goes into the creative process, research bit, and the eventual publishing side of things. This is a post-positivist exercise since it is against positivism. For positivists, the researcher and the researched person are independent of each other. On the other hand , post-positivists argue that theories, knowledge and background of the researcher can influence what is observed.

Democracy in the Final Quarter of the 20th Century in Latin America Essay

Democracy in the Final Quarter of the 20th Century in Latin America - Essay Example The Latin American region also meant that the struggle was intense and largely supported by the US in an attempt to buttress its hegemony in the region (Bethell, 2009). The seventies saw the emergence of leftist ideas in Latin American nations. The political-military elite of these nations saw the rise of leftist ideas as a threat to the already established systems of governance. In order to protect their nations from leftist ideology, the ruling elite turned to more authoritarian forms of government such as military dictatorships. The example of Chile, Argentina, Venezuela and many other Latin American countries supports this idea. These regimes often employed brute tactics to weed out the leftist factions and to avoid an armed struggle against the central governments. Harrowing tales of murder, political assassinations, rape, plundering, confiscation of property and the like are rampant in Latin America at the time. Chile’s dictator Auguste’ Pinochet, for example, is famous for the blatant elimination of his political opponents without any trials. The struggle in Nicaragua that put the Sandinista regime in charge was marked with bloo d and violence to fortify the seat of power. These actions on the part of these regimes infused a spirit of freedom from oppression in the masses in these nations (Skidmore & Smith, 2005). It is, therefore, no surprise that there were myriad leftist armed struggles in Latin America that were calling for regime change by the final quarter of the twentieth century. The entanglement of these military regimes in armed struggles also meant that the economy had to pay a heavy price. In certain other cases such as Argentina, the economy turned to shambles due to nepotism, mismanagement and usurpation of public resources (Stein & Hunt, 2007). It was common practice for military regimes to take onto armed adventures in order to divert public attention from the state of the economy. For example, the Argentinean military regime was made famous by its  myopic decision to invade the Falklands that exposed the Argentinean military’s weakness against a formidable British military.  

Right and choices for individuals with dementia Essay Example for Free

Right and choices for individuals with dementia Essay Human Rights Act 1998 Under this act residents of the United Kingdom are entitled to seek help from the UK courts if they believe that their human rights have been infringed. The human rights act guarantees: †¢The Right to life †¢The right to freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading punishment †¢The right to freedom from slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour †¢The right to liberty and security of person †¢The right to a fair and public trial within a reasonable time †¢The right to freedom from retrospective criminal law and no punishment without law †¢The right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence †¢The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion †¢The right to freedom of expression †¢The right to freedom of assembly and association †¢The right to marry and found a family †¢The prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of convention rights †¢The right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions and protection of property †¢The right to access to an education †¢The right to free elections †¢The right not to be subjected to the death penalty see more:describe how a conflict of interest can be addressed between carer and individual with dementia Because of the introduction of the Human Rights Act, the Government had to show commitment to protecting the most vulnerable adults as well as children so now that everyone can access their rights. In the Health care sector lots of organisations are covered by the Human Rights Act. Anyone working in health and care will be working within the requirements of the legislation on a daily basis. The act is about respecting and promoting the rights of individual people. Within social care making sure peoples’ rights are protected is a key part of your professional role. Just because an individual has dementia does not mean they don’t have the same human rights  as anyone else. Their rights are not any less important just because they are unable to defend them. The act clarifies exactly how public services should be delivered and interpreted and ensures that the people delivering the service know what their responsibilities are. The legislation states that all public bodies ensure that human rights are at the core of their day to day work. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act sets out the different ways in which it is unlawful to treat someone, such as direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation and failing to make a reasonable adjustment for a disabled person. This act replaces many other previous acts and protects different kinds of people under just one act. †¢Age †¢disability †¢gender reassignment †¢marriage and civil partnership †¢pregnancy and maternity †¢race †¢religion or belief †¢sex †¢sexual orientation The equality act helps protect people with dementia by ensuring they can maintain their independence by enabling them to continue to work for as long as possible. The Act ensures that employers must make reasonable adjustments to enable and individual to do their job and ensure that they cannot be discriminated against because of their condition. Mental Capacity Act 2005 The primary purpose of the MCA is to promote and safeguard decision-making within a legal framework. By empowering people to make decisions for themselves wherever possible and by protecting people who lack capacity by providing a flexible framework that places individuals at the heart of the decision making process By allowing people to plan ahead for a time in the future when they might lack the capacity for any number of reasons This Act is very important for people with dementia. Because of the MCA people must  now have the opportunity to consider and make decisions for themselves wherever possible. Just because an individual has dementia it should not be assumed that they cannot make decisions. It is not the outcome of the decision that a person makes that is looked at but the persons ability to go through the process of making the decisions. Deprivation of Liverty Safeguards (Dols) These safeguards are in place to ensure that assessments are carried out before anyone can be detained in hospital, residential care or any other facility ensuring that someone who is unable to give or refuse consent cannot be detained. People that do have their liberty restricted must have a Relevant Person Representative. This is usually a family member or friend. Their role is to ensure that the persons rights are respected and that they understand as much as they possibly can why their liberty is being restricted. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 The SVG act is intended to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable people and to reform current vetting and barring practices. Mental Health Act 2007  This act protects the rights of people in England and Wales who are assessed as having a mental disorder including dementia. If an individual is considered to be in danger or harming themselves or others then they can be detained or sectioned under the mental health act. The act also allows individuals to appoint someone as their guardian to make decisions on their behalf. Previously this would have been the nearest relative, now an individual can request someone they want. 1.2 Here at Omega Oak Barn and in any other organisation that you might work in there will be policies and procedures in place to ensure that peoples right are protected and that you are working within the law and national guidelines. This is called a Duty of Care and it is there to ensure that people can make their own choices and decisions about how they want to live, it does not mean taking their rights away and wrapping them up in cotton wool. As a duty of care you should ensure an individual has their needs met whilst if they have capacity they have the right to refuse help if they wish  too even if you don’t agree with their choice. Within the social care field in the UK we have what is called Codes of Practice for both employers and the workforce/carers. For employees these are a list of statements set out to ensure that the best practice and professional standards are achieved by care works as they go about their duty. They Codes of Practice for employers sets out the responsibilities they have in the regulation of social care workers. Employers must follow the standards set out in the codes and help employees to follow there codes. If employees are not meeting the codes and standards then employers must take action. I think that the codes of practice are a good idea. It sets out for everyone just exactly what they should be doing. Explaining what is expected of them. This helps to ensure that all service users receive the same treatment and a higher standard of care. If it wasn’t in place employers and employees would treat people how they thought was correct rather than letting them have their own opinions. Rights covered by code of practice: Confidentiality Diversity and respect for differences Right take risks Equality in care practice Anti-discriminatory practice Control over own life, choice and independence Dignity and privacy Effective communication In the UK we also have what is known as National Minimum Standards. In England we have the Care Quality Commission. They are responsible for inspecting all social care facilities to make sure they comply with the standards. There are different types of standards for different types of services. The standards set out the minimum quality of care that an individual can expect to receive for an organisation and also sets out that they have to provide information there services that is easy to understand so that service users know the level of care they should expect to receive. This is important as it ensures that people know the minimum standards. If they know what they are expected to receive then they know if the service is failing them or not meeting the proper requirements so then they can make a  complaint. The national minimum standards also help care workers as they set out what should be delivered to the service user in your work setting. Here at Omega Oak Barn we also have policies and procedures in place to ensure the rights and choices of individuals that we care for. Moving and Handling – this sets out how people should be moved and handled, using aids such as hoists or slide sheets where needed ensuring that the service user and ourselves are not injured in anyway. All staff must receive training in moving and handling before they attempt to assist somebody. This is an important policy as it ensures that no one gets hurt. If it wasn’t in place carers could seriously injure themselves or someone else by pulling them about or not know correct techniques. Policy and guidelines for medication – This is an extremely important policy as it sets out how medication should be stored, how it should be administered and who can administer it, how it should be recorded on MAR sheets and how it should be disposed of. It also explains how individuals have a right to refuse medication. If this policy didn’t exist medication could fall into the wrong hands, the wrong individual could end up taking it or an individual may administer something when they are not trained to do so. Confidentiality – this sets out how an individuals’ confidentiality can be protected Whistleblowing – this is another important policy. It explains what you can do if you are concerned about an individual. Such as about how they are being cared for or perhaps if you suspect abuse. It explains what procedures to go through and who you can talk to about it. This is of great importance. It ensures that everyone knows the correct procedure, ensuring that everybodys welfare is protected. There are many other policies and procedures and they are all extremely important and ensure that the care received is of a high standard. They are available for staff to read at all times. If a member of staff is unsure of something they can refer to them when needed. 1.3 Caldicott Standards The Caldicott Standards are based on the Data Protection Act 1998 and are set out in the form of Principles. Caldicott Principles 1) Justify the purpose for which the information is needed. 2) Only use personally identifiable information when absolutely necessary. 3) Use the  minimum personal identifiable information possible – if possible use an identifier number rather than a name. 4) Access to the information should be on a strict need to know basis. 5) Everyone should be aware of his/her responsibilities to respect clients confidentiality. 6) Understand and comply with the law. The most relevant legislation is the Data protection Act 1998, the Police Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Data Protection Act 1998 The Act sets out in principles, how personal information must be handled and gives clear rules on how any processing of that information should be carried out. the information should only be used for the purposes explained when it was collected the information should not be disclosed to anyone who has no right to see it the information collected should be relevant and contain no more than is necessary for its purpose the information should be accurate when collected and where necessary kept up to date individuals should have access to the data held about them  appropriate security measures should be taken to prevent unauthorised access to data. All information given by an individual or on behalf of an individual is confidential and should and cannot be disclosed to anyone without their consent. It is important that the people you support especially if they have dementia understand that there will be records and reports about them and that confidentiality affects them. With an individual with dementia you may need to tell them often that the information they share is confidential as they may forget or explain in a different way so that they can understand you. If you need to share information with other professionals you must always seek agreement from the person concerned even if relates to their health. It is good practice to ask an individual if you can let other people know about their situation. Unless they say it is acceptable to do so then everything should remain confidential. In some circumstances information can be passed on to others on a need to know basis. This could be for example to others involved in caring for or supporting the individual, such as other colleagues, manager or other professionals working  with the person. Even then consent should always be given and it should be explained to the individual that relevant information will be passed on. When information is passed on to others it is also on the understanding that it remains confidential. It is important that you check who you are giving information too such as checking proof of identity so that information doesn’t fall into the wrong hands. In some circumstances you may find that you have to pass on information because keeping it to yourself could result in harm to the individual you are supporting or someone else or even yourself. This is always difficult when dealing with people who have dementia. Because of the illness a persons capacity needs to be continually re-assessed as to whether they can make their own decisions and review risks taken when they make them. The well-being of the person should help you to decide whether or not to pass information. 2.3 Individuals with dementia may need support to make decisions but this does not mean they are unable to make them. They may be able to make decisions on a day to day basis about what they want to eat and drink, or what they want to wear or watch on the television but may have difficulty with sorting their finances or paying bills. Just because an individual lacks capacity in one area does not mean they lack capacity to make all decisions. This is set out as one of the principles in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It also states that unless proven otherwise then it should be assumed that everyone has capacity to make their own decisions. If an individual has communication problems and has trouble explaining what they want then all necessary support should be provided such as using alternative measure like flash cards or pictures. It is important even with individuals that suffer from dementia that they feel in control of their own lives. It is part of our human rights to be able to make our own choices. It is also good for self esteem and overall well-being. Individuals with dementia can also make advance decisions. These are recorded and usually called an advance care plan. These are often done before dementia progresses and while they are still able to make decisions for themselves. Advance care plans can be about any decisions the individual wants to make in advance. Such as where they want to live, what future care they wish to receive, medications they want to take and even how they wish end of life care to be given. All this  can be referred to and looked back on by professionals when needed. It also helps the individual to feel involved in all decisions being made and takes into account their wishes. 2.4 Individuals with dementia often have a fluctuating ability to make decisions. They have good days and bad days or even change their moods within the same day which can result in them not being able to make a constant decision. Because of this they may be able to make a decision about something one moment but not even remember it an hour later. Physical factors can also be accountable for an individual with dementia fluctuating with decisions. It could be that there not feeling well or are in pain. Being tired also affects people with dementia. They are often more unsettled on an evening so less able to make decisions that they could of made earlier in the day. Also emotions can affect how a person with dementia understands the information given in order to make a decision. If they are feeling anxious, depressed, frustrated or angry they may find it hard to retain information. 3.2 Conflicts between carers and a person with dementia often occur. This could be because the individual with dementia may want to be involved in activities, do things that give them independence and make their own decisions resulting in exposing themselves to risk or harm. The individuals family/carers may disagree with them doing these things and want to protect them and not want them to any risks so try to stop them. This is a conflict of interests. Even when working with individuals with dementia it is there right to make their own decisions if they have the capacity to do so. It is your duty to support he individual with dementia but at the same time you have a duty to the persons carers/family to try and resolve the situation. A capacity assessment can be carried out although it still may not be easy for a family to accept the outcome if the decision goes against them or seems foolish to them. 3.3 All service providers or organisations have complaints procedures. There is always clear imformation about how to complain and who too and the timescale for the matter to be dealt with. Organisations learn from complaints they  can be used as a way to improve the services offered. If nobody complained then organisations wouldn’t know they are offering poor service. Complaints procedures should be made available for people to use. As a carer it is important that you make service users and their families aware of complaint procedures or even support them to make a complaint. Individuals and carers/families may find that decisions are being made on their behalf even though people with dementia should be in charge of their own decisions. People may find it hard to challenge a decision or complain. They fell intimidated by professionals or not realise that they have a right to complain. They may not know how to go about it or just simply lack confidence to do so. You should offer practical help and advice and encourage and support individuals with dementia and their carers to speak out and exercise their rights. Everyone has the right to complain about poor service. It should be made clear that to operate to high standards complaints are used as a process to monitor and improve services. At Omega Oak Barn we have our own complaints procedure and this is readily available to anyone who wishes to use it. 4.1 If an individual needs help with personal care it is important that they maintain privacy and dignity. You should ensure that you knock on the door before entering their room an do not assume it is ok to just walk in. Before carrying out any form of personal care it is important that you ask permission and explain exactly what you intend to do. Do not just take over and do everything for them. Support them with the things they are able to do for themselves and assist where needed. Perhaps they just need prompting to have a wash rather than having it done for them. If someone does need maximum support with personal care privacy can still be maintained. Towels and sheets can be used to cover them as much as possible so that they aren’t totally naked an embarrassed. Also make sure that the door is shut and that you are uninterrupted. If they are using the toilet shut the door and let them have privacy, give them a buzzer to ring when they need assistance or explain that you will come back in a couple of minutes don’t just stand and watch.

Forgery And Plagiarism | Analysis

Forgery And Plagiarism | Analysis To falsify something for the purpose of deceiving someone is known as forgery which is a crime. Forgery can be in the form of counterfeiting or art forgery but every kind of forgery is considered a crime. Forgery in the case of counterfeiting is severely punished. Crime has been there since the world came into being but it started to flourish in the twentieth century when several prospects for forged activities arose. Greeks and Romans signed their art with other peoples names and hoped that a big name would be capitalized. Similarly, coins and paper money have been faked by counterfeiters since they were introduced in the world. Some acts of ancient forgery were so impressive that they have been placed in museums for display and in some instances, pieces of art havent been exposed as forged work for centuries after the museums and galleries got hold of them, very much to the shame of the staff. (Smith, 2010) Definition of Forgery To illegally modify or reproduce a document, signature, an instrument, legal tender or any other means of storing information is known as forgery. Any item that is copied is also considered forged. (forgery Definition) When something is forged, a piece of art for the purpose of mimicking the style of a popular artist is made by a person and signed with the name of the artist. Usually, the work of dead artists is forged because their work cannot be testified. A few art forgers are very sharp. They utilize several techniques so that it becomes hard to detect a fake. Similarly, several techniques are used by art historians for examining art in the hopes of detecting forged works from real works of art. To forge documents is a profitable endeavor in several parts of the world. Identification, certificates of title to property and other such documents can be generated by forgers for cheating. In a few cases, documents are forged for kind purposes such as to enter an establishment with age restrictions and in many cases forgery is done for more sinister purposes such as to detect theft. Several precautions are taken when official documents are made like the use of special inks and papers so that forgery is made difficult. Forgery is a growing problem in the financial world. Currencies are actually made by forgers which is known as counterfeiting but fake checks and other important financial documents are also signed which cause a lot of problems even if the crime is detected. To examine suspicious documents and other material that might have been forged is called questionable document examination. Individuals, who choose to study forgery, may select a specific kind of forgery to speci alize. Those who specialize in forgery may analyze things such as medieval paintings, title deeds, currency with the help of several instruments and techniques to detect forgeries. (Smith, 2010) Types of Forgery Forgery is of three main types and all the types of forgery are common these days because of the advanced technology. The three types of forgery are: Altered documents. Signature forgery. False documents. Altered Documents Forgers can change documents for their benefit by altering the information within a particular document. Household bleach, paint thinners or special ink rubbers to a check can be applied to make changes to documents. Forgers can attempt to alter the amount or change the payee on a check easily. Most of the times, these alterations are not detected. Some forgers alter documents by using cut and paste technique. Others alter documents with the help of technology. Nowadays, documents can be easily scanned into a computer and the details along with the image can be altered within a few minutes. With the help of color inkjet printers, new documents can be created by forgers that look just like or even better than the original documents. A student in the United States got admission to New York University (NYU) with the help of a forged college record. The forged college record was obtained by taking the college record of another student going to another college, and then the students name, grades and other details were changed and blank forms were obtained and printed from a local print shop. Fake classes and grades were filled in by the student which he sent to New York University with the admissions application. Signature Forgery Signature forgery is thought to be the easiest type of forgery. The forger obtains a document from another individual and that individuals name is signed on it. It is difficult to find out the forger even if the forgery is uncovered. False Documents Forgers easily create false documents because computers, printers and scanners are easily available all over the world. To create false documents, a check or a business card can be scanned not considering what the business card or check looks like. Forgers can steal large sums of money by cashing forged checks. Just like signature forgery, by the time, forgery is uncovered it becomes impossible to track down the forger. (Forgery ICU 97-02) Forged Writing To make or alter a written instrument for fraudulent activities or to deceive someone such as to sign another individuals name to a check is known as forged writing. Writing payees endorsement or signing a check without the permission of the payee or the related authority. The true owner of a check is the payee to whom the check should be paid. Forgery at common law is the fraudulent making and alteration of a writing to the prejudice of another mans right. (Forgery Defined Explained) It was defined by a modern writer as a false making; a making malo animo, of any written instrument, for the purpose of fraud and deceit. (Forgery Defined Explained) Forgery is a crime which is subjected to punishment by the state and national governing bodies. To make a whole written document in the name of another individual for the purpose of fraud by altering or erasing any material part of the document which gives a new meaning to it, is considered forgery though the document maybe used by someone who is not aware of the forgery. To sign a false document or any other instrument with a true signature for which it was not intended or vice versa is also considered forgery. For example, a person might be asked to draw a will for an ill person in a specific way but what he might do is that he inserts legacies of his own head and then procures the signature of that ill person who asked him to draw the will without letting him know that the legacies have been deceitfully inserted. Sometimes a person may copy a receipt, add words in the original and then offer it as a proof on the basis that the original receipt was lost, that person too may be punished forgery. At times the name and character of another living person is assumed by a party in the writing. But to adopt a false description and to add, when a false name is not written or assumed and no individual answers the description, then it wont be prosecuted as forgery. To make a document in a pretended name or the name of someone who does not exist is a kind of f orgery which is just like creating a document in the name of a living individual and however a document may be made by someone in his own name, if he represents it as the document of another individual of the same name when actually that person does not exist, then it will be considered forgery in the name of the person who does not exist but the accuracy of this decision is doubted. Generally, a person cannot be guilty of forgery on doubt, however in writing a will, a legacy is deceitfully omitted which he was told to insert and by omitting that legacy, a material alteration would be caused, or in other cases, a devise of an estate for life to one is omitted, as a result of which, devise of the same property to another to pass a present estate which would have passed remains only, then it will be considered a forgery. It may be seen that the crime of forgery may be complete without publishing a forged document. For a document to be forged the purpose of making the document must be to defraud another person but it is not necessary that anyone of the persons is hurt. It is enough that the forged document is proven harmful. Laws have been passed in most of the states which make some acts to be considered forgery and Congress has also enacted some laws on forgery. (Forgery Defined Explained) Signs for Forged Checks There are several signs which may detect a forged check. However any one sign does not necessarily mean that the check is forged. The more the number of signs, higher are the chances of forgery. The signs are: Perforations maybe lacked on the check. There is a missing digit from the check number or it does not change. Personal checks having a low check number such as from 101 to 400 and from 1001 to 1500 on business checks. Around ninety percent of forgeries are done on accounts that are less than a year old. The font that has been used to print the customers name seems obviously different from the font used to print the address. Additions have been made to the check such as the phone numbers are written by hand. The address of the customer is not present on the check. The address of the bank is not present on the check. There are marks on the check because of the changes. The MICR coding on the bottom of the check is shiny. Real magnetic ink appears to be dull. The check number and the MICR coding do not match. There are missing MICR digits. The district of the bank and the routing symbol in the upper right-hand corner of the check and MICR coding do not match. The payees name seems to have been printed by a typewriter. Where as payroll, dividend checks and expenses are printed with the help of computers. The word VOID seems to appear on the check. There is no authorized signature. (Check Fraud Prevention: What is Check Fraud-Types of Check Fraud) Famous Forgers Frank Abagnale Frank Abagnale is considered one of the biggest forgers of the world. He cashed around $2.5 million through false checks between 1964 and 1969, assumed identities of eight different people including a lawyer, a pediatrician and even a pilot for Pan Am. A movie, Catch me if you can was made on his life in which Leonardo DiCaprio played his role in 2002. Anatasios Arnaouti Anatasios Arnaouti was a forger who was caught and imprisoned in 2005. He led one of the major of United Kingdoms counterfeiting operations. He produced fake currency in his factory and around  £276,000 was created in one day. It has been estimated that he created around  £10 in fake currency. Abel Buell Abel Buell was a forger who was born in Connecticut in 1742. He attempted to convert  £5 notes into higher denominations. He was caught and punished by printing F on his head which branded him as a forger. Victor Lustig Victor Lustig is known for selling the Eiffel Tower twice by fraud though he did not own it. He was arrested when he was opening a locker with a key in his hand which had $51,000 in fake currency. William Chaloner He was a famous British forger who was known for counterfeiting. He was detected by Royal Mint and Sir Isaac Newton in 1699. He was caught and punished by hanging. Stephen Jory Stephen Jory led the so-called Lavender Hill Mob. He created fake  £20 notes. He was arrested and admitted in his trial that he had created  £50 million of fake  £20 notes but the figure is believed to be much higher. Catherine Murphy Catherine Murphy clipped off small pieces from gold coins to make new ones. She was executed in 1789. (Famous Forgers, 2009) Analysis of major forgery Forging documents by corrupting the records keeping systems is a severe crime against society. Forgers like their work accepted as being genuine and get amused while embarrassing the experts. They like to change history the way they want to see it. People practice forgery for its lucrative benefits and pleasure. Forgery robs society and contaminates the very essence of humanity. Letter Forgery The Salamander Letter Plain one and half page handwritten letter to W.W. Phelps of Canandaigua, New York from Martin Harris, dated 23 October, 1830, depicted an uncanny event that Harris had observed three years back. In the fall of the year 1827 I hear Joseph Smith found a gold bible I take Joseph aside he says it is true I found it 4 years ago with my stone but only just got it because of the enchantment of the old spirit come to me 3 times in the same dream says dig up the gold but when I take it up the next morning the spirit transfigured himself from a white salamander in the bottom of the hole struck me three times held the treasure would not let me have it because I lay it down to cover over the hole when the spirit says do not lay it down. Harriss narration of Prophet Joseph Smiths discovery of golden plates, the plates that were translated to be included in the Book of Mormon that is the foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, gravely denied Smiths own recollection of the event. It called into question the divine character of the finding. The salamander was of no divine importance or an angel sent by God, it was a common sign that originated from fold magic and medicine. The letter recommended that Prophet Smith was hallucinating while mistaking it with divine communication that could have emerged from folk medicine experiments. The letter damaged the authenticity and divinity of the 150 years old church and no one cared where could have been all these 153 years. It was found by a Mormon dealer in an unstamped envelope, a philately specialty that concerted on postal blotting prior to stamps in late 1840s who paid no attention to the letters origin. The FBI and a prominent manuscript dealer subst antiated that the letter had the genuine look and feel. When the Salamander letter was compared with other documents of the period, it was known that it was written by similar iron gall ink used during that period and had the same chemical composition. The report concluded, there is no evidence to suggest that these documents were prepared at a time other than their reported dates. In 1983, the letter appeared to be indisputable and the leaders of Mormon Church got worried. Subsequently further events revealed that a disenchanted Mormon, Mark Hofmann had forged the letter and used his skills to dishonor the church. He was trying to change the churchs history to destabilize the foundations of the church. He testified during his murder trial, I believed that the documents that I created could have been a part of Mormon history. In effect, I guess, the questions I asked myself in deciding on a forgery[,] one of the questions was, what could have been? I had a concept of church history and I followed that concept. Hoffmans Technique of forgery Hoffman work of forging nineteenth century documents required mastery uncovered broad range of knowledge and abilities like: Artistic and manual dexterity to fabricate smooth and flawless writing according to persons specific writing style. Composition and chemistry of ink that could test positive for the period in question Having contemporary paper sources and postal blots Undertaking historical research to be in command of commonly known facts, day of delivery suitable and mail route for the fabricated letter to gain acceptance as being genuine and Fictional content imagination that is enough to being closer to real, and will be taken for authentic. Hoffman used two conventions, first he made up the documents discovery to someone else such that its real value is recognized. Second he made the document suggest historical connections of individuals that sufferers would eagerly see and unsuspectingly accept (Gracy II). Detection of forgery Detecting forgery of unique objects can be done through the objects evidence of time and place in which it was finished (Forgery, Britannica). Often a forger unconsciously creates style confusion or ingeniously accents elements that spark contemporary bias. For example the work passed as Lucas Cranachs by the bright German forger F. W. Rohrich, by imbuing paintings with a feel of Biedermeier visual, that was common in his own times, that later deceived their falsity. Regardless of modern technological breakthroughs, a great deal of forgery remains impermeable to detection by other than experimental means (forgery, Encyclopedia topics). Success to detect a forgery can only be achieved only if the investigator is precipitous about all related technical, mechanical, physical and historical matter that may be essential in recognizing irregularities in any document. Serendipity is one of the important powers and hence is ranked high for all investigators. Examiner needs to ask the right question at the right instant to spot forgeries and note dissonances. There are various features of a forgery and can be classified into four groups, that is content of forgery, provenance, technology and technique of the forger. Content of the forgery The examiners inexperience surfaces when the document is question is being assessed to validate the content. Examiners do not know all the necessary facts, while skilled forgers have carefully analyzed every aspect. The older the document is, the more the examiner needs to be well-versant with the rule of phraseology and word usage of the period. Configuring dates and the styles of abbreviation have evolved greatly over the last three centuries. Furthermore the shapes of certain letters have also changed over time in their cursive. Provenance Common forgery cases get successful because often the victim believes in the validity of the document. Forgers give victims enough knowledge to lay their provenance basis, and let them build and substantiate the forgery through facts and chance discovery. An old aphorism states that if a proposal appears too good to be true, it is probably false, rightly applies to forged documents. This aphorism can be rephrased for forgery as, If it is remarkable that a document has surfaced all of a sudden, likely there is more to the story of the documents existence than the provenance offered. Technique of the forger Forgers have unique creative abilities, in intellectual conception and styling provenance and content, and in physical area of making of the object to make it appear to something it is not. Forgers do fake repairs to suggest substantial age and attention to the object for the intention of improving provenance. The examiner should critically evaluate the material used in the repair and the condition in which it was done. The examiner should be well versed with the aging techniques that may include staining paper with tea or coffee, or document misuse with tears or holes for book worms. Finally the examiner should doubtful about standard dealers markings. Technology Examiners need to evaluate the appearance of the forgery through use of technology. They should look for the dates when certain technology became common and the technical aspects of their likelihood of applicability. Examiner should check paper under lights for watermarks and for woven or chained patterns of the paper texture. The interaction of paper and ink is vital to exposing any forgery (Gracy II). Detecting forgery in Writing While examining writing for evidence of forgery requires careful comparison between the original writers and other. The author of the writing known is commonly called the original and is referred to by his name. The writing with which it is compared, or is the subject of investigation is a called the suspect. The suspected writings should be separately numbered until the original thoroughly mastered. It is important to put away the suspected writing to avoid confusion having multiple types of writing in front of the eye and mind so as to avoid prejudice to any one type. Any influence to first evaluate the suspect should be resolutely defied. Paper and envelope should be examined carefully for its quality, watermark, size or any inherent feature for clues. Then the overall general style of the document should be studied for top and side margins. Identify words in the writing for usual use of hyphen to divide words. Next measure the distance between the lines and make a note of the distance. Then make a note of the average distance between the words, and see if they appear to be connected without lifting of the pen. Check the slope and top of the letters that have tails. Look for punctuation style frequency and accuracy. Determine the writing class. Note for language peculiarities and errors or spelling of words like if its favor or favour etc. Note particular letters that have two or more touching points like, m, h, d, k, n and so on to check for writing regularity. Lastly look for tailed or topped letters for loops and bars if they are formed by single stroke. Classify and examine the loops or their angular, roundness, s hort or narrow style. Devoting time to this aspect of handwriting will unveil the writers unconscious features, and will reflect upon valuable evidence (Blackburn Caddell). Detecting forgery in Art Forgery detection is done through two major approaches, stylistic and technical analysis; these are complementary and generate best results together. Stylistic analysis is very subjective in nature and resides with the wise eye of the art historians. Each artist has a certain flair, style, and vigor that solely belongs to him and is easily familiar. The style changes and improvises overtime as the artists career flourishes and can be stylistically documented and analyzed (Forgery, Britannica). Expertise in important to authenticate the styles and aesthetics of various periods and remain the principle instrument to detect forgery. Artistic gaucherie or clutter of motifs and styles, and an apparent emphasis of forgers aesthetic values current times constantly reveals the forgery than most of the technical analysis. The technical analysis can involve various techniques and have evolved over time. Sometimes a sketch or an x-ray can be used underneath the original art surface to substanti ate the paintings. In earlier centuries, costumes of an under painting were considered basic characteristic of an art value, and later surface painting emerged as one way of doing forgery (Conklin). Even so contemporary tools like infrared, ultraviolet photography and x-ray are used to expose overpainting and pentimento. Furthermore craquelure can also be microscopically scrutinized. In addition carbon-14 and chemical analysis provide comparatively uncertain evidence in case ancient materials have been utilized. Forgeries in United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates labor ministry has initiated an e-signature card system to prevent scams and forgery to minimize standard procedures. The e-signature system has replaced the signature authorization card scheme which earlier required authorized signatory for any transaction with the ministry. The new e-signature will have a card with a specific code number which is required to be entered before any transaction with the ministry (e-Signature card..). Passport forgeries are very common in United Arab Emirates. Dubai police recently released details of passport forgers including six British born and three Irish individuals suspected in killing key Hamas commander. The suspect used real life individual identifies for forging their passports. One of the British national confirmed the name and passport number that matched has, but had the incorrect birth date. The individual had no clue how and when his passport details were obtained as it was never reported being lost or stolen (Neighbor). The passport forgery was believed to have been done through Israeli government officials. British foreign secretary David Miliband showed his displeasure over Israel involvement, and said that Such misuse of British passports is intolerable, and added that Israel being an ally of UK Miliband only adds insult to injury. The passports were forged using genuine UK identities in a highly sophisticated operations and planning and clearly indicated a gov ernments involvement (UK: Israel behind Forgery, CNN). A Filipino waiter faced trial for theft of credit card and signature forgery. The waiter worked at a local hotel, stole a debit card, three mobile phones, watch, three iPods, and watch. He shopped for 1300 dirhams using the stolen debit card at a nearby supermarket, and used forged owners signatures on the acquired receipts (another phony waiter in UAEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Numerous universities in UAE are using RFID tags on the degrees and certifications they issue to ensure the document authenticity. The ministry requires academic institutions to standardize data collection of students specifically their personal and academic details. In addition it recommends institutions to publish certificates that are difficult to forge. They are recommended to adopt the Amricons solution that uses diplomas having fitted adhesives with RFID labels that contain specific security codes that are helpful in hindering any forgery attempts to encode the RFID tags using unauthorized means (Wessel). Preventing Check Fraud It is important to go through the checks regularly and check the starting and ending numbers which are important for re-ordering. Keep checking if all the checks are present The financial institution must be notified even if any one check is missing. Bank statement should be reconciled every month. Signs of check forgery must be observed. Checkbook must be kept in a set place and it should not be accessible to guests. Checkbook must not be left in the car. If the car gets stolen, the checkbook will also be lost. Environment should be assessed while traveling. Purse or backpack should be carefully set. Checkbooks should not be kept in pockets. (marthareggie) Conclusion Forgers are very clever and are always honing their skills to manage and master new technologies in their desire and motivation to create fake documents. The forged documents and art are so original to ones view and examination that they are often mistaken for what they are supposed to be. Forgers have personal gains that they earn at the expense of the society and history. Forgery acceptance and use of intentionally false documents deprives individuals understanding of history, and endanger ones sense of present. Forgers success greatly depends on the vigilators record keeping. Therefore keeping records safe is every individuals responsibility as it makes the foundation and basis of who we are. As the scientific techniques are getting more and more sophisticated so are the techniques of the forgers. The finding of the forgery reveals interesting facts; one day a great piece of art will be priceless, and the other day worthless. Therefore without the origin and proof, any arts valuat ion or estimation is purely a matter of subjective human judgment.

Fashion In The 20th Century Essay -- History Clothing Style Fashion Es

Fashion In The 20th Century Fashion is said to be evolutionary and not revolutionary. This was not true in the 20th century. Fashion revolutionized America and the rest of the world during this time period. Also, during this time period fashion evolved tremendously. New fabrics and innovations were introduced to America. When World War I came about, people had to sacrifice their clothing for the men at war and they dressed more conservative. Christian Dior changed all of that when he came out with the â€Å"New Look.† This look consisted of draped gowns with a lot of fabric being used. What Christian Dior was basically saying was that we should not have to sacrifice how we dress. In the 20th century, new synthetic fibers were invented, making new fabrics come to life like rayon and polyester. New technology changed many different ways we made our garments toward printing and construction. Of course the 20th century started out in the 1900’s. The silhouette of the female was made up of the pigeon-breasted bosom, tiny corseted waist, and full, swayback hips. There were many common designs in this era. One was a white, high-necked, trimmed cotton blouse with a heavier, dark shirt. Another was tailor-made jackets and skirts for working women. Most of the fabrics available were mostly natural fibers like cotton, silk, linen, and wool. Daywear was most often in shades of white, brown, and black, commonly in a small figured or floral print. Eveningwear consisted of lightweight silks in sometimes brighter solids or light-colored hazy prints. In this particular period, fancy trim meant status. Trim was very excessive as possible on shoulders, waist, and the lower half of the skirt. Items used included were lace, embroidery, jet beading, flowers, ribbon, and net. All of the hemlines reached the floor. Sergers were first introduced in this era. In 1910, most of the influence for fashion came from designer Paul Poiret and Eastern influence. Daywear silhouette included a head-to-ankle coverage with lowered necklines for the first time ever in decades. The primary silhouette was a straight, squarish outline with low hips. Common designs were long, ethnic influenced tunics with a skirt and waist sash, and horizontal layered appearance in skirt or vertical wrap effect on tailored jacket-and-skirt sets and dresses. Rayon was invented and used. Also used wer... ...isure to eveningwear, but natural fibers were still used with the organic flower child look. Loud and clashing colors were now in everyday fashion prints, from conservative to wild. Swirling psychedelic prints, dotted with flowers, medallions, and geometric shapes were popular. There was widespread use of designer names and labels as an incentive to shoppers, marketing everything from clothing to luggage with designers such as Geoffrey Beene and Christian Dior. No matter what decade or century you are in, fashion is going to change. People make fashion change and evolve through the decades with different events that happen. Early on, it was the designers who decided what men and women wore. Through the decades it became evident that we should choose and decide what we should wear to incorporate our environment. Women basically decided that they were the rulers of fashion and that they make fashion what it is today. Why shouldn’t they choose? Of course fashion is here to stay, so, I wonder what we would be wearing in the 22nd century? Sources Cited: Vintage Vixen Clothing Co. Fashion History. 1997-2005. Vintage Vixen. 20 Apr. 2005. http://www.vintagevixen.com/history

Riordan Manufacturing Company: Review and Analysis

Riordan Manufacturing Company: Review and Analysis Jennah Es-Sudan, Monica Malcom, Annie Willis and Yeong Yoo University Of Phoenix BUS/430 December 1, 2009 Riordan Manufacturing Company Review and Analysis The focus of this paper is to analysis the regulatory measures of Riordan Manufacturing. Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. With state-of-the art design capabilities, creating innovative plastic designs that have earned international acclaim. Attention to detail, extreme precision and enthusiastic quality control are the hallmarks of Riordan Manufacturing. With facilities in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan and Hangzhou, China, Riordan has the capacity to fulfill unique needs. Riordan Manufacturing is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise. The company decided to closed their plant in Michigan and open it in China. Opening this business in another country has advantages. Our team will also discuss unfair import laws, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, Patents, trademarks, and intellectual property, and environmental regulation and how they relate to doing business in China. Unfair Import Laws The government has assertively imposed our anti-dumping laws to fight unfair Chinese trade. † alleged Commerce Secretary Carlos M. Gutierrez. â€Å"China’s economy has developed to the point that we can add another trade remedy tool, such as the countervailing duty law. The China of today is not the China of years ago. Just as China has evolved, so has the range of our tools to make sure Americans are treated fairly. By acting on the petition filed last October, the United States today is signifying its continued pledge to leveling the playing field for American manufacturers, workers and farmers. Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA of 1977) Congress enacted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (â€Å"FCPA† or â€Å"the Act†) in 1977 in reaction to the Watergate scandal. Widespread media coverage of unreported crusade assistance and potentially unlawful payments to strange officials encouraged the Securities and Exchange Commission (â€Å"SEC†) to begin an investigation. The SEC's investigation eventually exposed that more than 400 U. S. companies had paid bribes to foreign governments and politicians, totaling more than $300 million. An FCPA violation requires that action be taken with a corrupt intent. Corrupt means an evil motive of purpose, and intent to wrongfully influence the recipient of the payment or offer to misuse his official position or to influence someone else to do so. The act does not require the corrupt act to be a success; it just means that an attempt was made to influence an alien bureaucrat. China has made great efforts to combat essentials of bribery—through endorsement and enforcement of strict anti-bribery laws and penalties—it still remains a cause of concern in the China business market. For example, in 2005, 11,071 members of the Communist Party of China (â€Å"CPC†) were disqualified from the party as reprimanded for dishonesty. In addition, Chinese magistrates dealt with 120,000 cases of misappropriation, corruption, and negligence of duty over the past five years. Given the size and magnitude of China's market, these issues also cause alarm for U. S. companies doing business in China. Chinese and other overseas companies may make unlawful expenses in China with restricted risks, U. S. ompanies doing business in China may feel marketable stress to disobey the Act to avoid finding themselves at a aggressive difficulty to companies that are not subject to the same laws or similar enforcement. For this reason, U. S. companies operating in China need a solid FCPA compliance program to avoid action for FCPA violations and to avoid becoming knotted in China's domestic corruption and bribery laws. Patents, Trademarks, and Intellectual Property Companies try to cap ture the markets by issuing licensing permits for intellectual properties to increase profits for their business. These intellectual properties included patents and trademarks. Unfortunately, nations are still struggling to adopt a consistent international legal system that governs the intellectual property. They often have restrictions which includes geographical/and field use limitations and customer restriction. The Paris Convention is a guarantee that in each signatory country, foreign trademark and patent application from other signatory countries will receive the same treatment. According to United States Patent and Trademark Offices (2009) a patent for an invention is the grant of a property right to the inventor. There were problems and drawbacks with this particular agreement so in 1970 the patent cooperation Treaty was adopted. This particular agreement addresses the centralized utility patent application process (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others United States Patent and Trademark (2009). Riordan Manufacturing makes plastic products in the United States and decided to move the plant that makes Pontiac products to China. This was a way to produce goods cheaper than in the United States and enter the market international. When making this move into the international market Riordan Manufacturing has trademarks on their plastic bottles and other plastic products that the Paris Convention would cover. Environmental Regulations Environmental regulations are guidelines that are in place to govern how matters that effect human life and environment handle. WTO rules a nation can require foreign producers to comply with environmental standards that are required by domestic firms (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). Riordan Manufacturing had to make sure that when moving their company from Michigan to China that the environmental regulations are followed. China has been working with great determination in recent years to develop, implement, and enforce a solid environmental law framework. Chinese officials face critical challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the roles of their national and provincial governments, and strengthening the operation of their legal system EPA- China Environmental Initiative (2009). Having a manufacturing company Riordan had to make sure that the plant that was being built was welcome in China and it adhered to the regulation guidelines. Riordan also had to follow the pollution regulation and the energy regulation. Production of their products was welcome and they learned the environmental regulation to take their business to China. Political Risks of Operating a MFG Company in China China has been one of desirable areas that any international companies would want to expand their business to. Its evolving economy, huge manufacturing base, enormous supply of natural resources are dangerously attractive, yet the expansion to this developing country comes with risks. The political risks in China Riordan Company should consider is that China is increasingly pressuring foreign investors to transfer technology to local producers, which could erode the patent protections and competitiveness of investors. Next fact that Riordan should consider is that as they focus on shifting growth from exports to domestic consumption, China’s leaders may withdraw tax benefits for foreign investors. Infrastructure bottlenecks and strong upward pressures on government-controlled electricity and fuel prices also create considerable uncertainty around manufacturing efficiency and operating expenses. Our initial decision to locate our China operations in Hangzhou was driven largely by the fact that our Chinese partners already had facilities there that should be able to handle all regulations and political surroundings. As a join venture partner, Riordan Company should understand sporadic fuel shortages and worsening urban gridlock inject ambiguity into forecasts for domestic auto demand growth. In short, low-cost manufacturing and vast potential domestic demand is offset by uncertainty in regulatory and infrastructure capacity. This makes China a potentially higher-risk, higher-reward investment destination. Riordan Company executive management also should outline framework for understanding how local political and market dynamics affect foreign ventures. China holds tremendous promise as a manufacturing centre and market, but management should remember are social, regulatory and energy issues around the next curve in the road. Political-risk analysis should have been processed to contemplate not just broad, easily observable trends but also the nuances of society and the quirks of personality that can affect a venture’s success. For Riordan Company to be successful in join venture in Hangzhou China Riordan must obtain professionally prepared political risk analysis giving current assessments and forecasts of future stability. They can also seek consulting firms, insurance industry reports, reports of U. S. government agencies, and informal discussions with experienced international bankers nd shipping company representatives. Outline of the Possibilities for Foreign Investment and Securities A company that operates in a foreign country has to comply with the laws of that country. As a rule international business causes great pressures for U. S. business managers. A projected high profit margin weighs little if local law prevents repatriation of profits to the foreign investor’s home jurisdict ion. Riordan Manufacturing made the decision to expand internationally for the following reasons. China attempts to encourage investments from foreign residents. The following are among the reasons that foreign investors are attracted to China: †¢ Extremely low labor costs. †¢ A tremendous buyers' market in China itself with a population of 1. 3 billion. †¢ An expectation of a sharp increase in the buying power of Chinese residents, a fact that is influenced by the annual GDP of over 8% per annum and the low rates of inflation. †¢ In recent years, Chinese laws concerning foreign investments have been significantly eased. The total FDI in China for 2006 totaled 63 billion dollars. Conclusion From the beginning of the nineties and particularly from 2001, when China joined the WTO, until the present, the attitude to foreign investment in China has changed, among other matters, foreign investors are permitted to form companies that are 100% owned by foreign capital. Sales to the local market are permitted and foreign investment is also allowed in sectors other than industry and hi-tech, such as banking, insurance, financial services, etc. As a result of joining the WTO, China is expected to standardize specific benefits that were previously granted only to overseas investors or only to Chinese companies. As a general rule, industries in China that are open to foreign investments are divided into 3 categories, an encouraged investment, a restricted investment and a prohibited investment. Foreign investors cannot invest in projects that are connected with the military and defense industries in China. There are also restrictions on 100% control of foreign investors over transport, the automobile industry and power stations. Benefits that China grants to foreign investors are not given in the form of grants. Most benefits are in the form of a tax benefit, including value added tax, customs and income tax benefits in putting the mphasis on an investment in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) or in special sectors and areas. The benefits granted are as previously approved according to the nature of the foreign investment. There are 5 SEZ's in China in the south of the country, the main tax benefits are: corporate tax of 15%. A benefit of â€Å"2 + 3 years â€Å"which means an exemption from ta x for the first two years and tax at the rate of 12. 5% for the next three years. Pudong Zone (Shanghai) In the Pudong zone there are 5 development zones specializing in hi-tech, financial services, agriculture and more. The benefits are similar to those granted to investors in an SEZ. References Schaffer, R. , Agusti, F. ,& Earle, B. (2009, 2005). International Business Law and Its Environment (7th Ed. ). Mason, Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. World Wide- Tax& Finance (2009). China Foreign Investment Incentives. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from www. worlwide-tax. com/china/chi_invest. asp United States Patent and Trademark Office 2009. Definitions. Retrieved on November 30, 2009 from www. uspto. gov/ EPA- China Environment Law Initiative November 2009. Retrieved on November 30, 2009 from www. epa. gov/ogc/china/initiative_home. htm